Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
07:29

A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: April 1, 2010

12.3K

Evaluating Current Density Modeling of Non-Invasive Eye and Brain Electrical Stimulation Using Phosphene Thresholds.

B A Sabel, A Kresinsky, L Cardenas-Morales

    IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
    |October 14, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Related Concept Videos

    You might also read

    Related Articles

    Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

    Sort by
    Same author

    Neurotherapy for children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders: a state-of-the-art umbrella review of selected clinical methodologies.

    Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2025
    Same author

    Magnetically shielded high-resolution visual stimulation for OPM-MEG applications.

    Biomedical physics & engineering express·2025
    Same author

    "The proof is in the pudding" Response to the Commentary: Do all studies using medical devices fall under the European Medical Device Regulation? Written by Dr. Roman Rethwilm, Prof. Dr. Martin Schecklmann, Dr. Desmond Agboada, Prof. Dr. Til Ole Bergmann, Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Seiberl.

    Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2024
    Same author

    Suppression of natural lens fluorescence in fundus autofluorescence measurements: review of hardware solutions.

    Biomedical optics express·2022
    Same author

    [Progressive pigmented fundus lesion after 23 years-Treatment or observation?]

    Die Ophthalmologie·2022
    Same author

    Policy, priorities and practice: 'Being in the room where it happens.' The European Brain Research Area and the Europe, Middle-East and Africa Chapter, International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology.

    Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2022

    This study validates computer models for estimating brain current flow using phosphene threshold measurements. Findings confirm phosphenes originate in the retina and support using these models for real-world current flow estimation.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biophysics
    • Computational Modeling

    Background:

    • Direct measurement of current flow in the brain is challenging.
    • Current density distribution models are used to estimate current flow during stimulation.
    • A method is needed to validate these models against physiological data.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate if current flow modeling correlates with physiological signs of true current distribution.
    • To determine if phosphene thresholds (PTs) from transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) match simulated current densities.
    • To provide in vivo evidence for the validity of head model-based current flow simulations.

    Main Methods:

    • Phosphene threshold measurements were conducted in 15 healthy males using various tACS electrode montages.

    More Related Videos

    State-Dependency Effects on TMS: A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior
    12:38

    State-Dependency Effects on TMS: A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

    Published on: December 28, 2010

    10.7K
    Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function
    07:47

    Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

    Published on: February 4, 2016

    13.2K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Oct 16, 2025

    A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
    07:29

    A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

    Published on: April 1, 2010

    12.3K
    State-Dependency Effects on TMS: A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior
    12:38

    State-Dependency Effects on TMS: A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

    Published on: December 28, 2010

    10.7K
    Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function
    07:47

    Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

    Published on: February 4, 2016

    13.2K
  • Subjects reported phosphene appearance and localization.
  • Head models were created using multi-modal imaging data and meshed with isotropic conductivities for simulation.

    • Main Results:

    • Lower PTs correlated with higher simulated current levels in unilateral montages.
    • Shorter electrode distances to the eye resulted in lower PTs.
    • The F7-F8 montage showed the lowest mean PT and variability.

    Conclusions:

    • Phosphenes are primarily of retinal origin.
    • Computer models using head models are valid for estimating current flow in the human eye and brain.
    • This study provides the first in vivo evidence supporting these computational models.