Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

43.2K
Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
43.2K
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

3.0K
The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
3.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Towards ecological psychiatry: The herbicide glyphosate disrupts behavior through microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Molecular psychiatry·2026
Same author

Reasons why Mothers Choose Human Milk as Their Method of Infant Nutrition: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review Protocol.

Campbell systematic reviews·2026
Same author

Does Sex Affect Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain in Patients Being Treated for Psychotic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Schizophrenia bulletin·2026
Same author

Probiotics in football (soccer): a survey on practitioner's current perceptions and practices.

Science & medicine in football·2026
Same author

Maternal serum from 'high-stress' pregnancies demonstrates bioactivity capable of attenuating neurite growth through a TNFα-dependent pathway in SH-SY5Y cells.

Bioscience reports·2026
Same author

Development of a synbiotic potential score as a quantitative approach for selecting putative synergistic strain-prebiotic candidates.

Journal of applied microbiology·2026
Same journal

Gut commensal Bacteroides-derived pantothenic acid alleviates metabolic syndrome.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Predicting antimicrobial resistance for precision medicine.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Meta-analysis reveals microbiome signatures for colorectal cancer that are universal across age groups and sequencing methods.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Single-cell detection and quantification of the microbiota by MicFLY.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Suppression of host salicylic acid defense by a phloem-colonizing pathogen effector in citrus Huanglongbing.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

CBASS limits bacteriophage production while maintaining cell viability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Cell host & microbe·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

11.5K

Brain development in premature infants: A bug in the programming system?

Gerard Clarke1, Anna Aatsinki2, Siobhain M O'Mahony3

  • 1APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.

Cell Host & Microbe
|October 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Overgrowth of Klebsiella bacteria in the gut microbiota of extremely premature infants predicts brain damage. This suggests the microbiome-gut-brain axis disruption exacerbates injury by promoting inflammation.

More Related Videos

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia
06:24

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia

Published on: May 18, 2010

30.1K
Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders
07:40

Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Published on: April 14, 2017

20.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

11.5K
Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia
06:24

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia

Published on: May 18, 2010

30.1K
Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders
07:40

Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Published on: April 14, 2017

20.9K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Neuroscience
  • Neonatal health

Background:

  • The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in infant development.
  • Premature infants are susceptible to gut dysbiosis and associated complications.
  • The gut-brain axis is a critical pathway influencing neurological outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between gut microbiota composition and brain injury in extremely premature infants.
  • To identify specific microbial signatures predictive of neurological damage.
  • To explore the role of the microbiome-gut-brain axis in neonatal brain injury.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gut microbiota composition in extremely premature infants.
  • Correlation of microbial profiles with neuroimaging findings indicative of brain damage.
  • Assessment of inflammatory markers associated with gut dysbiosis.

Main Results:

  • An overgrowth of Klebsiella bacteria was observed in the gut microbiota of infants with brain damage.
  • The presence of Klebsiella was predictive of brain injury in this vulnerable population.
  • A pro-inflammatory signature was associated with Klebsiella overgrowth.

Conclusions:

  • Aberrant signaling along the microbiome-gut-brain axis, driven by Klebsiella overgrowth, contributes to brain injury in extremely premature infants.
  • Targeting gut dysbiosis may offer a therapeutic strategy to mitigate neurodevelopmental disruption and brain damage in neonates.
  • This study highlights the critical role of the gut microbiome in neonatal brain health and development.