Moisture content and aeration control mineral nutrient solubility in poultry litter

Poultry litter waste is typically land-applied as a soil amendment but repeated application in the vicinity of poultry houses has led to phosphorus accumulation in soil. Such application can also lead to runoff that causes eutrophication. Most farmers store litter under dry conditions or compost the litter prior to land application, but it is not clear if these approaches are best from a nutrient management-perspective. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of moisture content and active aeration on soluble mineral forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in poultry litter incubated for roughly one month. Mineral forms of nutrients are immediately plant-available upon field application and also most conducive to low-cost stripping and recovery methods. Litters were incubated at 50% and 70% moisture content with and without active aeration. Litter aeration led to significant ammonia losses and a consequent decline in litter pH but it had no effect on phosphate solubility. Moisture content during litter incubation governed the levels of plant-available phosphate and nitrification. High (70%) moisture led to 41%-78% higher plant-available phosphate (4.2-4.8 mg/g litter) compared to litters with 50% moisture content (2.7-3.0 mg/g litter). In contrast, the 50% moisture litters experienced 5-6 fold higher levels of nitrification (0.11-0.12 mg NO₃-N/g litter) than litters with 70% moisture content (0.02 mg NO₃-N/g litter), regardless of aeration. The implication is that lower-moisture litter storage is likely best for field application because phosphate is less soluble under neutral-alkaline conditions and therefore less likely to end up in runoff. In contrast, higher-moisture litter storage may be amenable to low-cost processes to leach and recover phosphate from litter.