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Genome-wide oscillations in G + C density and sequence conservation.

Zarmik Moqtaderi1, Susan Brown2, Welcome Bender1

  • 1Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

Genome Research
|October 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genome G + C content in many species oscillates at specific wavelengths, influencing evolutionary conservation. These G + C (guanine-cytosine) content oscillations may relate to the optimal spacing of cis-regulatory elements.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic genomes generally exhibit uniform G + C content across chromosomes.
  • However, smaller genomic scales reveal fluctuations in G + C density with characteristic wavelengths, particularly in insects (700 bp–4 kb).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between G + C content oscillations and evolutionary conservation.
  • To explore the factors influencing these oscillations in different genomic regions and species.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of G + C content patterns across various eukaryotic genomes.
  • Comparison of G + C oscillation patterns with measures of evolutionary conservation.
  • Examination of oscillation regularity in coding sequences, heterochromatic regions, and loci with large regulatory regions.
  • Assessment of the impact of mobile repetitive elements on G + C oscillations in vertebrate genomes.

Main Results:

  • Evolutionary conservation measures oscillate in phase with G + C content, with conserved regions showing higher G + C.
  • Loci with extensive regulatory regions display more regular oscillations.
  • Coding sequences and heterochromatic regions exhibit minimal or no oscillation.
  • Vertebrate genomes with abundant mobile elements show little oscillation, while those with fewer repeats exhibit G + C density and conservation oscillations.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic G + C content oscillations are linked to evolutionary conservation patterns.
  • The presence of repetitive elements can disrupt these oscillations.
  • These findings suggest that G + C oscillations might be driven by the optimal spacing requirements of cis-regulatory elements.