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Metabolic Messengers: tumour necrosis factor.

Jaswinder K Sethi1,2,3, Gökhan S Hotamisligil4,5,6,7

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Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a key mediator of metabolic inflammation. This review explores TNF's role as an adipokine and its impact on obesity-associated metabolic disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine.
  • TNF is the first identified adipokine, produced by adipose tissue.
  • Its regulation in obesity suggests a role in metabolic disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review TNF's role in metabolic inflammation (metaflammation).
  • To discuss TNF's discovery as a metabolic messenger.
  • To outline its sites, mechanisms of action, and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on TNF and immunometabolism.
  • Analysis of studies elucidating TNF's immunometabolic actions.
  • Conceptual framework development for pro-inflammatory signals in metabolic regulation.

Main Results:

  • TNF acts as a critical metabolic messenger linking inflammation and metabolism.
  • Adipose tissue production of TNF is regulated by obesity.
  • TNF contributes to obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • TNF is central to understanding metaflammation and obesity-related metabolic diseases.
  • The conceptual framework applies broadly to immunometabolism.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate TNF's complex roles.