Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

1.4K
Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
1.4K
Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

1.1K
There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes...
1.1K
Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:17

Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

1.0K
Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
However, the ability to hold one's breath voluntarily is not limitless. When the CO2 concentration in the blood reaches a critical...
1.0K
Requirements for Human Life01:26

Requirements for Human Life

11.4K
The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
Oxygen
Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. Brain cells are susceptible to a lack of oxygen because they require a...
11.4K
Factors Affecting Respiration01:24

Factors Affecting Respiration

7.9K
Respiration is a crucial physiological function involving exchanging oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between an organism and its environment. Various factors can impact this essential process:
7.9K
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

4.5K
Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
4.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Comparative analysis of gut viromes in four penguin species reveals diverse novel viruses and host-associated differences.

mSphere·2026
Same author

Metagenomic characterization of the virome of Aedes albopictus in Anhui Province, China, with phylogenetic analysis of CRESS-DNA viruses and Parvoviridae.

Virus genes·2026
Same author

[Policy research on agriculture, rural areas, and farmers ("Sannong")based on landscape sustainability science: Scientific foundations and core research directions].

Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology·2026
Same author

Accumulation-Mode Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistor for Giant Panda Papillomavirus Sensing.

Analytical chemistry·2026
Same author

Ranking exercise interventions by their effectiveness in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E·2026
Same author

Generation of an autophagy-targeting influenza A virus as live attenuated vaccine.

Nature communications·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response
11:56

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Published on: November 12, 2014

12.5K

Human Physiological Responses to a Single Deep Helium-Oxygen Diving.

Xiao-Chen Bao1, Quan Shen2, Yi-Qun Fang1

  • 1Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Naval Medical Center, Shanghai, China.

Frontiers in Physiology
|October 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A single deep helium-oxygen (heliox) dive to 80 meters impacts diver physiology, increasing granulocytes and stress biomarkers while decreasing red blood cells and platelets. This dive activates the endothelium and causes muscle damage.

Keywords:
divingendothelial (dys)functionhelioxoxidative stressphysiological stress

More Related Videos

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
09:54

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

9.0K
Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns
08:34

Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns

Published on: September 16, 2019

11.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response
11:56

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Published on: November 12, 2014

12.5K
A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
09:54

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

9.0K
Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns
08:34

Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns

Published on: September 16, 2019

11.8K

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Marine Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Deep diving with helium-oxygen (heliox) mixtures is common in commercial and military operations.
  • Understanding the physiological effects of heliox diving is crucial for diver safety and performance.
  • Previous research has indicated potential physiological impacts, but comprehensive biomarker analysis is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the physiological effects of a single deep heliox dive.
  • To analyze changes in blood and saliva biomarkers following an 80 msw heliox dive.
  • To assess endothelial activation, skeletal muscle damage, oxidative stress, and hormonal responses.

Main Methods:

  • Forty male divers participated in an 80 msw open-water heliox dive.
  • Blood and saliva samples were collected pre- and post-dive.
  • Assays included blood cell counts, cardiac damage markers (CK, CK-MB), oxidative stress (GSH), vascular markers (VCAM-1), and hormones (testosterone, IgA).

Main Results:

  • Significant increase in granulocytes (GR %) and serum glutathione (GSH).
  • Decreased lymphocytes (LYM %), intermediate cells (MID %), red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit (hCT), and platelets (PLT).
  • Elevated creatine kinase (CK, CK-MB), amylase alpha 1 (AMY1), and testosterone; decreased IgA. Reduced VCAM-1, but no change in MDA or ET-1.

Conclusions:

  • A single 80 msw heliox dive induces significant physiological stress.
  • The dive leads to skeletal muscle damage and oxidative stress.
  • Endothelial activation and hormonal changes are evident post-dive, highlighting the body's stress response.