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Related Concept Videos

Echo01:06

Echo

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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Space Between the Ears.

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    Spaceflight offers unique insights into brain function and cognitive performance. Studying astronauts reveals how altered environments impact mental abilities and brain plasticity.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Space Medicine
    • Human Physiology

    Background:

    • The human brain is highly adaptable.
    • Spaceflight presents unique physiological challenges.
    • Understanding these challenges is crucial for astronaut health and long-duration missions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the relationship between spaceflight and brain function.
    • To detail how altered gravity and environmental factors affect cognitive performance.
    • To highlight the implications for understanding human adaptability.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing research on spaceflight and neuroscience.
    • Analysis of cognitive tests conducted on astronauts.
    • Examination of physiological changes in the brain during and after spaceflight.

    Main Results:

    • Spaceflight can induce changes in brain structure and function.
    • Cognitive performance, including attention and spatial orientation, may be affected.
    • Neuroplasticity plays a key role in adaptation to the space environment.

    Conclusions:

    • Spaceflight serves as a valuable model for studying brain plasticity and function.
    • Research findings have implications for both space exploration and terrestrial neuroscience.
    • Further investigation is needed to fully understand long-term effects and countermeasures.