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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

6.2K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
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Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

93.6K
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

13.5K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Classical Prethermal Phases of Matter.

Andrea Pizzi1, Andreas Nunnenkamp2, Johannes Knolle3,4,5

  • 1Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|October 15, 2021
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Novel prethermal phases of matter are demonstrated in classical systems, not just quantum ones. This study proves prethermal phases in 3D classical spin lattices with short-range interactions, revealing new time crystals.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium Physics

Background:

  • High-frequency driven systems can exhibit prethermal phases, hosting exotic states not found in equilibrium.
  • Previous numerical studies were limited to 1D quantum systems, requiring long-range interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate prethermal phases in classical systems beyond the quantum domain.
  • To explore the possibility of realizing these phases in 3D with short-range interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Simulating the Hamiltonian dynamics of a large 3D lattice of classical spins.
  • Analyzing the system's behavior under high-frequency driving.

Main Results:

  • First numerical proof of prethermal phases in a classical system with short-range interactions.
  • Discovery of higher-order and fractional discrete time crystals.
  • Observed breaking of time-translational symmetry with integer and fractional periods.

Conclusions:

  • Prethermal phases are not exclusive to quantum systems.
  • Classical Hamiltonian dynamics offers a versatile platform for studying prethermal phenomena.
  • Findings have direct implications for experimental realization and exploring novel phases.