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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health

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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
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Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System II: Digestion and Absorption01:22

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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, extending from the mouth to the anus, plays a pivotal role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. This process involves both mechanical and chemical actions facilitated by various enzymes.
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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Introduction to the Special Issue "The Brain-Gut Axis".

Yvette Taché1, Juan M Saavedra2

  • 1David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, CURE Building 115, Room 117, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA.

Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
|October 15, 2021
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Summary

The brain-gut axis, particularly the microbiome-gut-brain axis, plays a key role in neurological disorders. Gut dysbiosis can lead to neuroinflammation and contribute to conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Keywords:
Brain inflammationGut dysbiosisNeurodegenerative disordersStressStroke

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • The brain-gut axis describes the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract.
  • The gut microbiome significantly influences this axis, impacting both digestive and neurological health.
  • Dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut bacteria, is increasingly linked to various diseases.

Discussion:

  • Gut microbiota dysbiosis triggers immune activation and increased intestinal permeability.
  • This leads to bacterial translocation, neuroinflammation, and epigenetic modifications.
  • Alterations in the brain-gut axis are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as hypertension, stroke, epilepsy, and autism.

Key Insights:

  • The microbiome-gut-brain axis is a critical factor in the development and progression of neurological disorders.
  • Neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular changes, and protein aggregation are key pathological mechanisms.
  • Specific brainstem nuclei, like the NTS and DMV, regulate gut function via the vagus nerve.

Outlook:

  • Further research into the microbiome-gut-brain axis offers potential therapeutic targets for neurological conditions.
  • Understanding these bidirectional interactions is crucial for developing novel treatment strategies.
  • This special issue highlights state-of-the-art advances in this rapidly evolving field.