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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
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IntroductionThe management of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) aims to minimize myocardial damage, preserve myocardial function, and prevent complications.Initial ManagementInpatient management involves continuous cardiac monitoring, preferably in an ICU, focusing on blood pressure, serum sodium, potassium, and creatinine levels, and urine output. Ongoing pharmacologic management is crucial for stabilizing the patient.Supplemental Oxygen: Administer supplemental oxygen if oxygen saturation is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia
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Post-COVID-19 Syndrome.

Janet D Pierce, Qiuhua Shen, Samantha A Cintron

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    |October 15, 2021
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Post-COVID-19 syndrome, or long COVID, involves complex pathophysiology including virus-specific variations, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and inflammation. Further research is crucial to understand its mechanisms and long-term effects.

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Research
    • Virology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Post-COVID-19 syndrome, characterized by persistent symptoms beyond 4 weeks, affects individuals regardless of initial COVID-19 severity.
    • While lung damage is expected from SARS-CoV-2, multi-organ involvement and diverse symptoms are increasingly reported.
    • Limited literature currently exists on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of this syndrome.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To conduct an integrative review summarizing and evaluating the biological underpinnings of post-COVID-19 syndrome.
    • To consolidate current knowledge on the pathophysiology of long COVID.

    Main Methods:

    • An integrative literature review was performed using Whittemore and Knafl's methodology.
    • Searches were conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science for articles published up to August 30, 2021.
    • Keywords included "post-COVID-19 syndrome," "long COVID," and "pathophysiology."

    Main Results:

    • The review analyzed 54 articles focusing on the pathophysiology of post-COVID-19 syndrome.
    • Four primary pathophysiological categories were identified: virus-specific variations, oxidative stress, immunologic abnormalities, and inflammatory damage.
    • These factors contribute to the complex symptomology observed in long COVID patients.

    Conclusions:

    • Post-COVID-19 syndrome is a complex, multifactorial condition with emerging evidence pointing to virus-specific mechanisms, oxidative stress, immune system dysfunction, and inflammation.
    • Further research is essential to fully elucidate the pathophysiology, pathogenesis, and long-term consequences of post-COVID-19 syndrome.