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Updated: Oct 16, 2025
Rat Model of Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder
Published on: September 28, 2018
Long-term effect of immobilization in external rotation after first-time shoulder dislocation: an average 18-year
Eiji Itoi1, Yuji Hatakeyama2, Tadato Kido3
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku Rosai Hospital, Sendai, Japan.
Background:
Immobilization in external rotation (ER) after a first-time shoulder dislocation was introduced to reduce the risk of recurrence compared with immobilization in internal rotation (IR), but its efficacy remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term effect of immobilization in ER after a first-time shoulder dislocation.
Methods:
Between October 2000 and March 2004, 198 patients with a first-time anterior dislocation of the shoulder (average age 37) were randomly assigned to immobilization in ER (ER group = 104 shoulders) or IR (IR group = 94 shoulders) for 3 weeks. At an average 2-year follow-up, 159 patients (80.3%) were available for evaluation. In the current study, these 159 patients were further followed up and interviewed by telephone. The following items were evaluated: recurrent instability, apprehensive feeling, surgical intervention, limitation in the range of motion, return to sports, and the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) score.
Results:
The average follow-up period was 18.2 years (range, 16-20 years). Fifty-six patients were available for follow-up with the follow-up rate of 35%. The number of recurrent patients was 6 of 27 (22%) in the ER group and 6 of 29 (21%) in the IR group (P = .889). The number of surgically stabilized patients was 3 of 27 (11%) in the ER group and 10 of 29 (34%) in the IR group (P = .038). In total, the recurrence rate was 33% (9 of 27) in the ER group and 55% (16 of 29) in the IR group (P = .100). Adding the surgical cases and those with the SANE score ≤70% as failure cases, the failure rate in the ER group (26%) was significantly lower than that in the IR group (52%) (P = .048). Among those who survived without surgical intervention, there were no significant differences in apprehensive feeling, return to sports, limited range of motion, and the SANE score between the groups.
Conclusions:
Immobilization in ER reduced the risk of surgical intervention compared with IR in the long term.
