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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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What leads to parallel evolution?

Debapriyo Chakraborty1,2

  • 1Host Pathogen Interaction Unit (IHAP), École Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.

Elife
|October 18, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Similar influenza virus variants repeatedly emerge due to interactions between the virus's RNA segments. Understanding these RNA segment interactions is key to tracking influenza evolution.

Keywords:
RNA interactionsevolutionevolutionary biologyinfectious diseaseinfluenza virusmicrobiologyvirus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Influenza virus evolution is a significant public health concern.
  • The emergence of similar variants poses challenges for vaccine development and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the repeated emergence of similar influenza virus variants.
  • To elucidate the role of interactions between viral RNA segments in this phenomenon.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of influenza virus genome sequences.
  • Computational modeling of RNA-RNA interactions.
  • Experimental validation of predicted RNA segment interactions.

Main Results:

  • Identified specific RNA segments that frequently interact.
  • Demonstrated a correlation between the strength of RNA segment interactions and variant emergence.
  • Showcased how these interactions can stabilize certain viral constellations.

Conclusions:

  • The interactions between influenza virus RNA segments are a critical driver for the repeated emergence of similar variants.
  • Targeting these RNA-RNA interactions could offer novel strategies for influenza control.