Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hierarchy of Motor Control

Hierarchy of Motor Control

The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Hand mental rotation reaction time reflects motor imagery strategy and predicts changes in finger dexterity after motor imagery.

Neuroreport·2026

Same author

Consideration of the appropriate prospective ECG-triggered scan mode in dual-source CT angiography examinations for coronary diagnosis in children with high heart rate: a phantom study.

Physica medica : PM : an international journal devoted to the applications of physics to medicine and biology : official journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)·2026

Same author

Efficacy of combined oral hygiene devices for interproximal plaque removal: an in vitro study.

BMC oral health·2026

Same author

Data-driven simulator of multi-animal behavior with unknown dynamics via reinforcement learning.

iScience·2026

Same author

MNISQ: A Large-Scale Quantum Circuit Dataset for Machine Learning in the NISQ Era.

Scientific data·2026

Same author

Impact of Caregiver Burden and Care Recipients' Activities of Daily Living Abilities on Caregivers' Occupational Dysfunction.

Occupational therapy international·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Published on: February 12, 2017

Skill Differences in a Discrete Motor Task Emerging From the Environmental Perception Phase.

Yumiko Hasegawa¹, Ayako Okada², Keisuke Fujii^3,4,5

¹Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan.

Frontiers in Psychology

|October 18, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Amateur golfers make more errors in perception and strategy than professionals, especially on slopes. These errors stem from visual-somatosensory perception issues, impacting their putting performance.

Keywords:

alignment error decision-making golf putting kinematics slope perception

More Related Videos

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

Published on: May 3, 2018

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

Published on: June 22, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Published on: February 12, 2017

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

Published on: May 3, 2018

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

Published on: June 22, 2015

Area of Science:

Sports Science
Motor Control
Human Perception

Background:

Human performance from perception to action is complex and not fully understood, particularly regarding error identification.
Skill level significantly influences motor task execution, especially in sports requiring precise perception and control.
Understanding error phases in motor tasks can reveal skill-based differences and inform training strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify specific phases where errors occur in a golf putting task.
To differentiate error patterns between professional and amateur golfers.
To investigate the impact of environmental perception and skill level on putting performance.

Main Methods:

Twelve tour professionals and twelve intermediate amateurs performed a golf putting task on flat and inclined surfaces (0.4 degrees).
Data collected included environmental perception descriptions, aiming point accuracy, clubface angle, impact velocity, and final ball position.
Errors were analyzed across five phases: environmental perception, decision-making, pre-motion, motion, and post-performance.

Main Results:

Amateurs frequently exhibited visual-somatosensory errors during the perception phase and had significantly different aiming angles than professionals.
Alignment errors occurred in the pre-motion phase for all skill levels, increasing on the incline.
Amateurs struggled with clubhead velocity and clubface angle control during the motion phase, showing less reproducibility than professionals.

Conclusions:

Amateur golfers' pre-motion and strategy errors are linked to their visual-somatosensory perception deficits.
Skill differences in golf putting are evident in perception, decision-making, and motor control phases.
Environmental factors like slopes exacerbate performance differences, particularly when perception is inaccurate.