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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

An R-Based Landscape Validation of a Competing Risk Model
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Validation of the Need for Competing Inventory.

Jesper B Bugten1, Ricardo G Lugo2, Karl Steptoe3

  • 1Institute for Psychology, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway.

Frontiers in Psychology
|October 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces the need for competing inventory (NCI) to explore competitive-achievement orientation. Findings support this new construct, offering a stronger predictor for achievement behavior in competitive settings.

Keywords:
achievement motivationanxietycompetitivenessemotional assessmentflowgritneed for competingself-efficacy

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sport Psychology
  • Motivation Science

Background:

  • Existing research on achievement motivation focuses on noncooperative aspects like competitiveness and achievement orientation.
  • A comprehensive understanding of competitive-achievement orientation remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Need for Competing Inventory (NCI).
  • To investigate the relationship between the need for competing and related psychological constructs.
  • To establish a foundation for competitive-achievement orientation in understanding achievement behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Development and validation of the Need for Competing Inventory (NCI).
  • Correlational analysis of NCI scores with measures of achievement orientation, emotional assessment, self-efficacy, grit, anxiety, and flow.

Main Results:

  • The study successfully validated the theoretical construct of the need for competing.
  • The NCI demonstrated significant relationships with achievement orientation, self-efficacy, grit, anxiety, and flow.

Conclusions:

  • The need for competing is a valid construct that contributes to competitive-achievement orientation.
  • Competitive-achievement orientation, incorporating the need for competing, is proposed as a significant factor in competitive achievement behavior.
  • Further research is encouraged to integrate competitive-achievement orientation for enhanced prediction of achievement behavior.