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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
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Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

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COVID-19-Associated Subacute Thyroiditis: Evidence-Based Data From a Systematic Review.

Pierpaolo Trimboli1,2, Carlo Cappelli3, Laura Croce4,5

  • 1Clinic for Endocrinology and Diabetology, Lugano Regional Hospital, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|October 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) may follow coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Current literature is limited, but SAT presentation in COVID-19 patients appears typical, with neck pain and abnormal thyroid function tests.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2subacute thyroiditis (SAT)subacute thyroiditis de Quervainthyroid

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Thyroidology

Background:

  • Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is a thyroid condition often linked to viral infections.
  • The potential association between SAT and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires further investigation.
  • Understanding this relationship is crucial for managing post-viral complications.

Conclusions:

  • The current body of evidence on SAT in COVID-19 patients is sparse, primarily consisting of case reports and series.
  • Clinical manifestations of SAT in COVID-19 patients align with typical presentations of the condition.
  • Most patients achieved complete remission, often with steroid therapy, indicating a generally favorable prognosis.