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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Non-coding RNAs in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis.

Aadil Yousuf1, Abrar Qurashi1

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.

Frontiers in Genetics
|October 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Non-protein-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), play a key role in the complex causes of multiple sclerosis (MS). Understanding these molecules offers new diagnostic and therapeutic avenues for MS.

Keywords:
central nervous systemlong noncoding RNAmicroRNAmultiple sclerosisneurodegeneration

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease impacting adults, marked by central nervous system inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration.
  • The etiology of MS is multifactorial, involving intricate genetic and environmental interactions.
  • Non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are critical regulators of cellular functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
  • To explore the potential of these ncRNAs as biomarkers for MS diagnosis.
  • To discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting ncRNAs in MS treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating miRNAs and lncRNAs in MS patients.
  • Analysis of the functional roles of specific miRNAs and lncRNAs in MS pathology.
  • Synthesis of findings related to diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

Main Results:

  • Numerous studies have identified specific miRNAs and lncRNAs dysregulated in MS.
  • These ncRNAs are implicated in key pathological processes of MS, including neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
  • Emerging evidence suggests ncRNAs could serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for MS.

Conclusions:

  • miRNAs and lncRNAs are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
  • Further research into ncRNAs holds promise for developing novel diagnostic tools and treatments for MS.
  • Targeting ncRNAs represents a potential future therapeutic strategy for managing MS.