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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Isolation of Epithelial Cells from Human Dental Follicle
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Sp6/Epiprofin is a master regulator in the developing tooth.

Craig S Rhodes1, Yasuo Yoshitomi2, Peter D Burbelo1

  • 1National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|October 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Sp6 is a key regulator in tooth development, controlling crucial extracellular matrix genes. This study identified Sp6

Keywords:
AmeloblastinAmelogeninChIP-seqCol1a2Hapln1MatrixOdontogenesisPromoterSp6Sp7ToothTranscriptional regulationscRNA-seq

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Tooth development relies on precise gene regulation of extracellular matrix proteins.
  • Ameloblasts and odontoblasts are key cells producing these matrix proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the transcriptional targets of the Sp6 protein in developing tooth mesenchymal cells.
  • To understand Sp6's role in regulating extracellular matrix gene expression during tooth formation.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-genome ChIP-seq analysis to map Sp6 binding sites.
  • Bioinformatic analysis to identify Sp6 DNA motifs and target genes.
  • Single-cell RNA-seq and transcriptional reporter assays to validate findings.

Main Results:

  • Identified a consensus DNA binding motif for Sp6.
  • Found Sp6 binds to regulatory regions of key enamel and dentin matrix genes (e.g., Amelx, Ambn, Enam, Dspp).
  • Confirmed Sp6 co-expression with target genes in ameloblasts and odontoblasts and showed Sp6 enhances transcriptional activity.

Conclusions:

  • Sp6 is a significant transcriptional regulator in tooth development.
  • Sp6 controls multiple extracellular matrix genes essential for tooth formation.