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The acute exercise-cognition interaction: From the catecholamines hypothesis to an interoception model.

Terry McMorris1

  • 1Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, United Kingdom; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Guildhall Walk, Portsmouth PO1 2ER, United Kingdom.

International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology
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Summary

Acute exercise enhances executive functions through interoception and norepinephrine release. High perceived resources and reward maintain cognitive performance, while low resources or reward can inhibit cognition during intense exercise.

Keywords:
Anterior cingulate cortexEffort costInsula cortexLocus coeruleusMotivationOrbitofrontal cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Interoception plays a crucial role in bodily self-awareness and influences cognitive functions.
  • The interaction between acute exercise and cognitive performance is complex and influenced by physiological changes.
  • Norepinephrine release from the locus coeruleus is a key neurochemical mediator in exercise-cognition interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel interoception model explaining the acute exercise-cognition interaction.
  • To elucidate the role of norepinephrine release in modulating cognitive functions during varying exercise intensities.
  • To explore the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive changes during maximal exercise intensity.

Main Methods:

  • The study proposes a theoretical model based on existing neurobiological and psychological principles.
  • It integrates concepts of interoceptive feedback, catecholamine release, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) network activity.
  • The model analyzes the influence of perceived effort, resources, and reward value on norepinephrine release and cognition.

Main Results:

  • Interoceptive feedback during exercise above the norepinephrine threshold increases tonic catecholamine release, enhancing executive functions.
  • At maximal exercise intensity, cognitive performance depends on the interplay between motivation, perceived effort, and resource availability, regulated by PFC networks.
  • Sufficient perceived resources and high reward value attenuate tonic norepinephrine release, preserving cognitive function; insufficient resources or low reward induce tonic release, inhibiting cognition.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed model highlights the dual role of norepinephrine in exercise-cognition, facilitating executive functions at moderate intensity and potentially inhibiting them at maximal intensity under certain conditions.
  • Cognitive inhibition at maximal exercise intensity may be context-dependent, influenced by subjective resource-effort assessments and reward valuation.
  • Long-term memory and tasks involving stimulus-response switching may be facilitated even when executive functions are inhibited during intense exercise.