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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Mammalian Cell Encapsulation in Alginate Beads Using a Simple Stirred Vessel
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Islet cell encapsulation - Application in diabetes treatment.

Amoge Opara1, Alec Jost2, Sam Dagogo-Jack3

  • 1Diabetes Section, Biologics Delivery Technologies, Reno, NV 89502, USA.

Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.)
|October 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Encapsulated pancreatic islet transplantation shows promise for curing type 1 diabetes. Emerging strategies aim to overcome challenges for successful clinical translation of this innovative diabetes treatment.

Keywords:
Diabetesbioengineeringencapsulationinsulin deliveryislets

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Last Updated: Oct 16, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 (T1DM) is a chronic condition characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
  • Current T1DM management involves lifelong insulin therapy, which has limitations and complications.
  • Pancreatic islet transplantation offers a potential cure but faces challenges like immune rejection and graft survival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential of encapsulated pancreatic islet transplantation as a curative therapy for T1DM.
  • To analyze various islet encapsulation approaches, their advantages, and disadvantages.
  • To discuss clinical translation efforts, remaining challenges, and emerging solutions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of T1DM hallmarks, global incidence, and comorbidities.
  • Analysis of different islet encapsulation technologies and their clinical translation status.
  • Evaluation of strategies to enhance encapsulated islet construct performance.

Main Results:

  • Encapsulation technology presents a promising avenue for T1DM cure by protecting transplanted islets from immune attack.
  • Various encapsulation methods have distinct merits and demerits impacting clinical viability.
  • Significant progress has been made, yet challenges in long-term graft function and immune evasion persist.

Conclusions:

  • Encapsulated islet transplantation holds great potential to cure T1DM, offering an alternative to insulin therapy.
  • Emerging strategies focusing on enhancing encapsulated islet constructs are crucial for overcoming existing clinical translation hurdles.
  • Further research and development in encapsulation technologies are vital for achieving successful clinical outcomes.