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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Sequence features of retrotransposons allow for epigenetic variability.

Kevin R Costello1,2, Amy Leung1, Candi Trac1

  • 1Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, United States.

Elife
|October 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Transposable elements (TEs) escape silencing through sequence variations and specific protein interactions. These mechanisms maintain a hypomethylated state, influencing genomic regulation in mammals.

Keywords:
IAPsgeneticsgenomicshumanmousetransposonsvariable methylation

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are abundant in mammalian genomes, mostly silenced by DNA methylation.
  • Interindividual variation in DNA methylation of certain TEs, like Intracisternal A-particle (IAP) retrotransposons in mice, is known but poorly understood.
  • Sequence variations and KRAB zinc finger proteins (KZFPs) are implicated in IAP methylation variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms governing the establishment and maintenance of interindividual DNA methylation variability in IAPs.
  • To determine how sequence content and genomic context influence IAP methylation states.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of IAP sequence content and genomic context.
  • Assessment of KZFP and KAP1 recruitment to IAPs.
  • Investigation of ZF-CxxC protein binding at variably methylated loci.

Main Results:

  • Sequence variations in IAPs alter KZFP recruitment, potentially reducing KAP1 recruitment near active genes.
  • Variably methylated IAPs exhibit high CpG density, resembling CpG islands.
  • ZF-CxxC proteins bind to these loci, potentially maintaining a permissive chromatin state.

Conclusions:

  • IAP sequence and genomic location dictate variable methylation.
  • Escape from silencing involves reduced KZFP binding and recognition by ZF-CxxC proteins.
  • These factors maintain a hypomethylated state in specific IAP loci.