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Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

Published on: December 8, 2014

Concussion and long-term cognitive function among rugby players-The BRAIN Study.

Valentina Gallo^1,2,3,4, Damien M McElvenny^2,5,6, Giulia Seghezzo¹

¹Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association

|October 20, 2021

Summary

Retired rugby players with concussions showed no overall cognitive decline. However, older players (80+) with multiple concussions experienced worse cognitive function, indicating an age-related impact.

Keywords:

cognitive function occupational epidemiology rugby sports-related concussion

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A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

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Published on: December 8, 2014

In Vivo Protocol of Controlled Subconcussive Head Impacts for the Validation of Field Study Data

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Published on: April 18, 2019

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

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Published on: January 20, 2023

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Sports Medicine
Gerontology

Background:

Concussions are common in contact sports like rugby.
Long-term cognitive effects of repeated head injuries are a growing concern.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between self-reported concussions and cognitive function in retired rugby players.
To explore potential age-related differences in this association.

Main Methods:

Recruited 146 former elite male rugby union players (50+ years) in England.
Assessed concussion history using the BRAIN-Q tool.
Measured cognitive function using the Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite (PACC) and analyzed data with linear regressions.

Main Results:

No significant association was found between concussion history and PACC scores overall.
A subgroup analysis revealed that participants aged 80+ with three or more concussions had significantly worse cognitive function compared to those without concussions.
79.5% of participants reported at least one rugby-related concussion.

Conclusions:

While overall cognitive function in retired rugby players was not linked to concussion history, a significant age interaction was observed.
Older participants (80+) with a history of multiple concussions demonstrated poorer cognitive performance, suggesting an age-dependent effect of head trauma.