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Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity01:11

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Updated: Oct 16, 2025

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The Gut-Brain Axis.

Emeran A Mayer1, Karina Nance1, Shelley Chen1

  • 1G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA;

Annual Review of Medicine
|October 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The brain, gut, and microbiome communicate bidirectionally, influencing health and disease. More research is needed to understand these gut-brain-microbiome interactions for better therapies.

Keywords:
gut–brain–microbiome interactionsinteroceptionirritable bowel syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Neurogastroenterology
  • Microbiome Research
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Preclinical studies confirm bidirectional communication between the brain, gut, and gut microbiome.
  • This complex system involves identified signaling molecules and communication channels.
  • Alterations in these interactions are implicated in digestive, psychiatric, and neurological disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of gut-brain-microbiome interactions.
  • To highlight the need for further research into causative roles, particularly in irritable bowel syndrome.
  • To emphasize the necessity of well-designed trials for therapeutic translation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical evidence on gut-brain-microbiome axis.
  • Analysis of identified communication channels and signaling molecules.
  • Examination of alterations in disease models and human conditions like irritable bowel syndrome.

Main Results:

  • Bidirectional communication pathways and feedback loops exist within the gut-brain-microbiome system.
  • Disruptions in this axis are observed in various disease models.
  • A causative role for the microbiome in irritable bowel syndrome is not yet definitively established.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the gut-brain-microbiome axis is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Current therapies for conditions like irritable bowel syndrome are limited due to incomplete knowledge of causative factors.
  • Further research and robust clinical trials are essential to translate preclinical findings into clinical practice.