Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 16, 2025
Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
Published on: March 6, 2019
Diagnosis and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Margaret Gilfillan1,2, Anita Bhandari3,4, Vineet Bhandari5,6
1Division of Neonatology, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Insights
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease in premature infants. This review covers BPD
Area of Science:
- Neonatology
- Pediatric Pulmonology
- Developmental Biology
Background:
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic lung disease in neonates, impacting survival and long-term health.
- The BPD phenotype has shifted towards impaired lung development in extremely preterm infants (<29 weeks' gestational age).
- BPD has lifelong consequences, including abnormal lung function and increased risk for COPD in adulthood.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current clinical definitions, diagnostic imaging, and biomarkers for early BPD diagnosis.
- To evaluate recent evidence on BPD prevention and treatment strategies.
- To discuss ventilation and pharmacological interventions across BPD's evolving phases.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature review of clinical definitions, diagnostic modalities, and biomarkers for BPD.
- Analysis of recent research on BPD prevention and therapeutic interventions.
- Evaluation of invasive and non-invasive ventilation strategies and pharmacological treatments.
Main Results:
- BPD diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical criteria, imaging, and biomarkers.
- Prevention and treatment strategies are evolving, targeting genetic-environmental interactions in immature lungs.
- Various ventilation and pharmacological approaches are employed based on BPD's stage.
Conclusions:
- Early diagnosis of BPD is crucial for timely intervention.
- Multifaceted approaches involving prevention, early diagnosis, and tailored treatment are essential for managing BPD.
- Further research is needed to optimize BPD management and improve long-term outcomes.
Abstract:
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic lung disease in infants and is associated with increased mortality, respiratory morbidity, neurodevelopmental impairment, and increased healthcare costs. In parallel with advances made in the field of neonatal intensive care, the phenotype of BPD has evolved from a fibrocystic disease affecting late preterm infants to one of impaired parenchymal development and dysregulated vascular growth predominantly affecting infants born before 29 weeks' gestational age. BPD has been shown to have significant lifelong consequences. Adults with BPD have been found to have abnormal lung function tests, reduced exercise tolerance, and may be at increased risk for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Evidence shows that BPD occurs secondary to genetic-environmental interactions in an immature lung. In this review, we evaluate the various clinical definitions, imaging modalities, and biomarker data that are helpful in making an early diagnosis of BPD. In addition, we evaluate recent evidence about the prevention and treatment of BPD. We discuss the invasive and non-invasive ventilation strategies and pharmacological agents used in the early, evolving, and established phases of BPD.
Related Concept Videos
01:26COPD: Management Using Bronchodilators and Corticosteroids
01:29Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-V: Management
Smoking Cessation
01:30Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-V: Nursing Management
Assessment
01:30Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed....
01:28Pneumonia IV: Management
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics serve as the cornerstone of therapy. Initial treatment often begins with empirical antibiotics, tailored to the anticipated causative organism and adjusted based on culture results. Key antibiotic choices include:
01:17Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation