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The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Bode Plots

Bode Plots

Bode plots are graphical tools that use logarithmic scales for frequency on the x-axis and gain in decibels on the y-axis. This logarithmic method allows a wide range of frequencies to be compactly displayed, enabling the analysis of component effects on circuit behavior across a broad frequency spectrum.
A network function represents the ratio of a system's output to its input, with the magnitude and phase angle derived from the complex network function. The decibel logarithmic gain is...

Gain

Gain

Gain and phase shift are properties of linear circuits that describe the effect a circuit has on a sinusoidal input voltage or current. The circuit's behavior that contains reactive elements will depend on the frequency of the input sinusoid. As a result, it is observed that the gain and phase shift will all be frequency functions.
Gain:
Suppose Vin is the input and Vout is the output signal to a circuit.

Frequency Response of Op Amp Circuits

Frequency Response of Op Amp Circuits

Operational amplifiers (op-amp) are used in signal conditioning, filtering, or for performing mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation. The frequency response of an op-amp is an important aspect that describes how the gain of the amplifier varies with frequency.
Frequency Response and Gain:
The gain of the op-amp, A(ω), is not a constant but a function of the input signal frequency. An op-amp can maintain a constant gain at low frequencies,...

Characteristics of Practical Op Amps

Characteristics of Practical Op Amps

A difference amplifier, a crucial component in numerous electronic devices, ideally amplifies only the difference-mode signal, which is the difference between two input signals. However, in practical circuits, the output voltage depends on both the differential gain and the common-mode gain.
The ratio of differential gain to the common-mode gain is defined as the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR). This ratio quantifies the ability of operational amplifiers (op-amps) to reject common-mode...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages

Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages

Published on: March 24, 2023

Behavioral Measures of Cochlear Gain Reduction Depend on Precursor Frequency, Bandwidth, and Level.

Kristina DeRoy Milvae¹, Elizabeth A Strickland¹

¹Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.

Frontiers in Neuroscience

|October 21, 2021

Summary

The medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) adjusts cochlear gain based on sound. This study found that cochlear excitation at the signal frequency, not the elicitor

Keywords:

cochlear gain reduction elicitor bandwidth forward masking frequency selectivity medial olivocochlear reflex psychoacoustics

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Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Ribbon Synapses at Specific Frequency Regions of the Mouse Cochlea

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Published on: May 10, 2019

Area of Science:

Auditory Neuroscience
Human Physiology
Sensory System Adaptation

Background:

The medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) is a neural pathway that modulates cochlear sensitivity.
The MOCR reduces cochlear gain in response to sound, but its perceptual effects and elicitor tuning remain unclear.
Existing data present conflicting views on MOCR tuning sharpness and the cochlear regions involved in elicitation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how the frequency content and level of a preceding sound (precursor) influence signal threshold.
To clarify the relationship between elicitor characteristics and the magnitude of cochlear gain reduction in humans.

Main Methods:

Examined the effect of tonal and broadband noise precursors at various levels on signal detection thresholds.
Compared the growth of signal threshold with precursor level for different precursor frequencies relative to the signal frequency.

Main Results:

Signal threshold increased with precursor level, but at a shallower slope for a tone at the signal frequency compared to a tone an octave below.
Broadband noise was only slightly more effective than a tone at the signal frequency, showing a similar shallow slope.
The magnitude of cochlear gain reduction was primarily determined by excitation at the signal's cochlear place.

Conclusions:

Cochlear gain reduction magnitude is dictated by the excitation level at the signal cochlear place, irrespective of elicitor frequency.
The degree of gain reduction increases with elicitor level.
Findings support a model where cochlear excitation, rather than specific elicitor frequency, drives MOCR-mediated gain control.