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Self-serving bias is a cognitive phenomenon in which individuals attribute positive outcomes to internal factors such as their abilities, intelligence, or effort while attributing negative outcomes to external circumstances. This cognitive distortion helps maintain self-esteem but can also impede objective self-assessment.Theoretical Explanations of Self-Serving BiasTwo primary theories explain the self-serving bias: the cognitive explanation and the motivational explanation.The cognitive...
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The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

A Modified Mirror Test as a Visual Guide for the Self-awareness Trait in Wild Antarctica Penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae
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Does Implicit Self-Reference Effect Occur by the Instantaneous Own-Name?

Ken Yaoi1,2,3, Mariko Osaka4, Naoyuki Osaka3

  • 1Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.

Frontiers in Psychology
|October 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The self-reference effect (SRE) can occur even with subliminal self-related stimuli. This study found that brief exposure to one's own name, without awareness, improved memory for subsequent information, suggesting unconscious self-referencing.

Keywords:
implicitown-namerecognitionself-reference effectself-representation

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The self-reference effect (SRE) demonstrates enhanced memory for self-related information.
  • Existing research primarily focuses on explicit self-referencing.
  • The impact of subliminal self-related stimuli on SRE remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether self-related stimuli, presented without awareness, can elicit the self-reference effect.
  • To examine the influence of instantaneous self-related stimuli on subsequent memory performance.

Main Methods:

  • Participants were briefly exposed to self-related (own names) or other-related stimuli (other names, nouns) between masks.
  • Following the brief stimuli, participants rated trait adjectives.
  • Recognition memory for the trait adjectives was assessed.

Main Results:

  • Experiment 1 (random order) showed no significant SRE.
  • Experiment 2 (block order, longer prime duration) indicated that participants with better overall memory also showed enhanced recognition of adjectives following their own name.
  • This suggests SRE can be triggered by instantaneous, unconscious self-related stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • Self-representation can be activated by self-related stimuli presented below the threshold of awareness.
  • Subsequent information may be unconsciously processed in relation to this activated self-representation.
  • This provides evidence for unconscious influences on memory and self-processing.