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Updated: Oct 16, 2025
A Protocol for Electrochemical Evaluations and State of Charge Diagnostics of a Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Battery
Published on: February 13, 2017
Development of High Energy Density Diaminocyclopropenium-Phenothiazine Hybrid Catholytes for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow
Yichao Yan1,2, David B Vogt3,2, Thomas P Vaid1,2
1Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
Abstract:
This report describes the design of diaminocyclopropenium-phenothiazine hybrid catholytes for non-aqueous redox flow batteries. The molecules are synthesized in a rapid and modular fashion by appending a diaminocyclopropenium (DAC) substituent to the nitrogen of the phenothiazine. Combining a versatile C-N coupling protocol (which provides access to diverse derivatives) with computation and structure-property analysis enabled the identification of a catholyte that displays stable two-electron cycling at potentials of 0.64 and 1.00 V vs. Fc/Fc+ as well as high solubility in all oxidation states (≥0.45 M in TBAPF6 /MeCN). This catholyte was deployed in a high energy density two-electron RFB, exhibiting >90 % capacity retention over 266 hours of flow cell cycling at >0.5 M electron concentration.
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