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Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Feeding of Ticks on Animals for Transmission and Xenodiagnosis in Lyme Disease Research
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Rat bite fever: a case report review.

Marie Coessens1, Emmanuel De Laere1

  • 1Microbiology Department AZ Delta Roeselare, Roeselare, Belgium.

Acta Clinica Belgica
|October 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Rat bite fever, a zoonotic disease, can be lethal in children. Early diagnosis and penicillin treatment are crucial for recovery, as missed cases lead to prolonged illness or harm.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Zoonosis
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Rat bite fever (RBF) is a rare zoonotic disease with a challenging differential diagnosis.
  • It can have a severe, potentially lethal course, particularly in vulnerable populations like children.
  • Standard therapy with penicillin is effective, but requires timely administration.

Observation:

  • A systematic literature review of European case reports from 2000-2021 was conducted.
  • Twenty case reports of rat bite fever were analyzed.
  • The majority of cases presented as infectious syndromes.

Findings:

  • Timely antibiotic administration, guided by the susceptibility of *Streptobacillus moniliformis*, prevented adverse outcomes in 17 cases.
  • Three cases were initially misdiagnosed as autoimmune arthritis, gout, or viral syndrome.
Keywords:
Rat bite feverStreptobacillus moniliformisstreptobacillosis

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  • Delayed treatment resulted in persistent harm in one case and prolonged illness in two others.

    • Implications:

    • RBF is often missed clinically and microbiologically, necessitating its inclusion in the differential diagnosis for fever syndromes post-rodent contact.
    • Persistent fever warrants blood cultures, even without systemic inflammation; bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA PCR offers higher sensitivity.
    • Domestic rat ownership is discouraged due to RBF transmission risks.