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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Published on: February 27, 2017

High-Performance Tin-Lead Mixed-Perovskite Solar Cells with Vertical Compositional Gradient.

Jiupeng Cao¹, Hok-Leung Loi¹, Yang Xu²

¹Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|October 22, 2021

Summary

This study introduces a method to improve tin-lead mixed perovskite solar cells by suppressing tin oxidation and creating a graded composition. This leads to enhanced efficiency and stability for next-generation solar energy.

Keywords:

Sn-Pb mixed perovskite compositional gradients heterojunctions perovskite solar cells

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Last Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

Published on: September 8, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Renewable Energy
Photovoltaics

Background:

Tin-lead (Sn-Pb) mixed perovskites offer ideal bandgaps for single-junction solar cells, approaching the Shockley-Queisser limit.
The efficiency and stability of Sn-Pb perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are hindered by the facile oxidation of Sn²⁺.

Purpose of the Study:

To enhance the efficiency and stability of Sn-Pb PSCs.
To overcome the challenge of Sn²⁺ oxidation in mixed perovskite formulations.
To explore the impact of compositional gradients on photovoltaic performance.

Main Methods:

Incorporation of 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid and SnF₂ as additives to inhibit Sn²⁺ oxidation.
Antisolvent treatment to induce a spontaneous vertical Pb/Sn compositional gradient, tunable via antisolvent temperature.
Fabrication of perovskite films with graded vertical heterojunctions.

Main Results:

Suppression of Sn²⁺ oxidation was achieved using the introduced additives.
A tunable vertical compositional gradient was successfully formed within the perovskite films.
Graded heterojunctions enhanced photocarrier separation and reduced carrier recombination.
Achieved a power conversion efficiency of 22% with excellent light-soaking stability.

Conclusions:

The developed strategy effectively improves the performance and durability of Sn-Pb PSCs.
Compositional grading in perovskite films is a viable approach for boosting solar cell efficiency.
This work paves the way for highly efficient and stable Sn-Pb mixed perovskite solar cells.