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Related Concept Videos

Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

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Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
326
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

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Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...
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Avian Sedation.

Grayson Doss1, Christoph Mans2

  • 1Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, gdoss@wisc.edu.

Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery
|October 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Procedural sedation in birds is increasingly common in veterinary medicine for various clinical procedures. This review summarizes current avian sedation research, covering its uses, methods, and potential adverse effects.

Keywords:
avianbenzodiazepinebutorphanolflumazenilintranasalmidazolampsittacinereversiblesedative

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Avian Medicine
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Procedural sedation in avian patients has become a routine veterinary practice over the last decade.
  • Increased research in avian sedation parallels its growing clinical use.
  • Sedation offers advantages over manual restraint or general anesthesia for avian procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of current research on procedural sedation in birds.
  • To discuss common indications for avian sedation in clinical settings.
  • To review sedation protocols and adverse effects in avian patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current studies on avian sedation.
  • Synthesis of information on clinical applications, protocols, and safety.
  • Analysis of benefits compared to manual restraint and general anesthesia.

Main Results:

  • Sedation is frequently used for examinations, sample collection, splinting, grooming, and minor surgeries in birds.
  • Various protocols exist for avian sedation, tailored to species and procedure.
  • Adverse effects are documented and should be considered in patient management.

Conclusions:

  • Procedural sedation is a valuable tool in avian veterinary medicine.
  • Understanding indications, protocols, and adverse effects is crucial for safe and effective avian sedation.
  • Continued research will further refine sedation practices in birds.