The Elusive Cochlear Filter: Wave Origin of Cochlear Cross-Frequency Masking

The mammalian cochlea achieves its remarkable sensitivity, frequency selectivity, and dynamic range by spatially segregating the different frequency components of sound via nonlinear processes that remain only partially understood. As a consequence of the wave-based nature of cochlear processing, the different frequency components of complex sounds interact spatially and nonlinearly, mutually suppressing one another as they propagate. Because understanding nonlinear wave interactions and their effects on hearing appears to require mathematically complex or computationally intensive models, theories of hearing that do not deal specifically with cochlear mechanics have often neglected the spatial nature of suppression phenomena. Here we describe a simple framework consisting of a nonlinear traveling-wave model whose spatial response properties can be estimated from basilar-membrane (BM) transfer functions. Without invoking jazzy details of organ-of-Corti mechanics, the model accounts well for the peculiar frequency-dependence of suppression found in two-tone suppression experiments. In particular, our analysis shows that near the peak of the traveling wave, the amplitude of the BM response depends primarily on the nonlinear properties of the traveling wave in more basal (high-frequency) regions. The proposed framework provides perhaps the simplest representation of cochlear signal processing that accounts for the spatially distributed effects of nonlinear wave propagation. Shifting the perspective from local filters to non-local, spatially distributed processes not only elucidates the character of cochlear signal processing, but also has important consequences for interpreting psychophysical experiments.