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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

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Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Methylosystem for Cancer Sieging Strategy.

Shotaro Tatekawa1, Ken Ofusa2,3, Ryota Chijimatsu2

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.

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Cancer

Keywords:
RNAcancer-associated fibroblastsmethylationnicotinamideone-carbon metabolism

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epigenetics
  • Metabolomics

Background:

  • Cancer is a genetic disease influenced by epigenetic modifications.
  • S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is crucial for methylation, impacting cancer phenotypes.
  • Understanding intercellular metabolic communication in the tumor microenvironment is vital for spatial heterogeneity insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of RNA and nicotinamide in S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-producing one-carbon metabolism.
  • To highlight their significance in cancer cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and immune cells.
  • To identify potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for human cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of the
  • methylosystem
  • concept, encompassing intercellular and intracellular communications.
  • Focus on the transfer of methyl groups from SAM in the tumor microenvironment.
  • Highlighting emerging targets like RNA and nicotinamide within one-carbon metabolism.

Main Results:

  • RNA and nicotinamide are identified as key players in SAM-producing one-carbon metabolism.
  • Their involvement spans cancer cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and immune cells.
  • These factors are implicated in the epigenetic mechanisms affecting tumor behavior.

Conclusions:

  • RNA and nicotinamide represent significant targets within cancer metabolism.
  • Understanding their role in the methylosystem can lead to novel diagnostic strategies.
  • These findings offer potential for developing new therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment.