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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings
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Human Milk, More Than Simple Nourishment.

Giulia Vizzari1, Daniela Morniroli1, Federica Ceroni1

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Commenda 19, 20122 Milan, Italy.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human breast milk contains bioactive factors crucial for infant health, impacting neuro-cognition and immunity. Further research is needed to fully understand these complex mechanisms for therapeutic development.

Keywords:
bio-factorsbreast-milk-derived stem cellsgrowth factorshealth outcomeshuman milk oligosaccharidesmicrobiome

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Area of Science:

  • Human milk composition and function
  • Immunology and infant development
  • Microbiome and virome research

Background:

  • Human breast milk possesses significant nutritional and functional properties beyond basic nutrition.
  • It contains diverse bioactive factors like immunoglobulins, hormones, and microRNAs.
  • These components play roles in infant health, neuro-cognition, and mother-neonate communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and update knowledge on bioactive substances in human breast milk.
  • To explore their functions, particularly in immunomodulation and microbiome/virome development.
  • To highlight areas requiring further investigation into their mechanisms of action.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a narrative review.
  • It synthesizes existing literature on breast milk bioactive components.
  • Focus is placed on immunomodulatory, microbiome, and virome aspects.

Main Results:

  • Breast milk contains numerous bioactive factors (e.g., lactoferrin, oligosaccharides, microRNAs) with diverse health implications.
  • These factors influence infant neuro-cognitive development, anti-oncogenic processes, and cellular functions.
  • Breast milk exhibits dynamic characteristics and is vital for mother-neonate cross-talk.

Conclusions:

  • Human breast milk's bioactive components are essential for infant health and development.
  • While functions are increasingly understood, precise mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Further research into these mechanisms could lead to novel therapeutic strategies.