What is Natural Selection?
Limits to Natural Selection
Natural Selection and Adaptation
Natural Selection and Mating Preferences
Life Histories
Inclusive Fitness
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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Daily Transfers, Archiving Populations, and Measuring Fitness in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli
Published on: August 18, 2023
Sylvain Charlat1, André Ariew2, Pierrick Bourrat3,4
1Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
Natural selection, the engine of adaptive evolution, may extend beyond biology. Exploring this requires understanding how individuality emerges in physical systems, a key challenge for recognizing non-living natural selection.
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