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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates
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Antibiotics Treatment Modulates Microglia-Synapses Interaction.

Federica Cordella1,2, Caterina Sanchini1,2, Maria Rosito2

  • 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.

Cells
|October 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis impairs brain function by altering microglia and neuronal communication. This gut-brain axis disruption highlights the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway

Keywords:
CX3CL1/CX3CR1antibioticsglutamatergic synapsesgut–brain axishippocampal sliceshippocampusmicrogliapatch clamp

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Microbiology
  • Gut-Brain Axis Research

Background:

  • Gut microbiota dysbiosis is linked to brain dysfunction.
  • Microglia maturation is influenced by gut microbiota.
  • The impact of gut microbiota on microglia-neuron crosstalk is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how antibiotic-induced gut microbiota alteration affects microglial and neuronal functions in the adult mouse hippocampus.
  • To explore the role of microglia-neuron crosstalk in mediating these effects.

Main Methods:

  • Oral antibiotic treatment in adult mice.
  • Analysis of hippocampal microglia density and activity.
  • Patch clamp recordings at CA3-CA1 synapses.
  • Investigation in CX3CR1-deficient mice.

Main Results:

  • Antibiotic treatment increased microglia density and altered their activity.
  • Neuronal function was impaired, with reduced synaptic currents and connectivity.
  • Synaptic function modulation by antibiotics was dependent on the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis.

Conclusions:

  • Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis impairs synaptic efficacy in the hippocampus.
  • Microglia-neuron crosstalk via the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway is crucial for gut microbiota's influence on neuronal function.
  • This highlights the gut-brain axis's role in microbiota-to-neuron communication.