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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

35.7K
The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
35.7K
Energetics of Solution Formation02:35

Energetics of Solution Formation

7.0K
The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Formation of the solution requires the solute–solute and solvent–solvent...
7.0K
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

62.9K
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
62.9K
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
65.3K
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

15.6K
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
15.6K
Solvents01:12

Solvents

67.9K
A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

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Deep eutectic solvents-The vital link between ionic liquids and ionic solutions.

Andrew P Abbott1, Karen J Edler2, Alister J Page3

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|October 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer tunable properties for dissolving diverse solutes, challenging the "like dissolves like" rule. Their unique structure allows for controlled phase behavior and enhanced properties when mixed with polar diluents.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • The traditional "like dissolves like" principle, based on homogeneous solvents, is often insufficient for complex solvation challenges.
  • Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) present a versatile alternative, composed of tunable ionic or non-ionic, polar or non-polar components.

Discussion:

  • DESs exhibit significant short-length order and preferential solvation, enabling the solubilization of a wide range of solutes, including hydrophobic and hydrophilic ones.
  • The addition of polar diluents like water or alcohols to DESs leads to non-homogeneous mixtures with reduced viscosity and increased ionic conductivity.

Key Insights:

  • DESs offer a flexible platform for designing solvent properties by adjusting their constituent components.
  • Controlled phase behavior in DESs can be achieved through the addition of polar diluents or by utilizing hydrophobic DES formulations.

Outlook:

  • Further research into DES structure, dynamics, and solvation properties is crucial for optimizing their applications.
  • Investigating the mobility of charged species and controllable phase behavior in DESs will unlock new possibilities in various chemical processes.