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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

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IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

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Evidence-based Urology: Surrogate Endpoints - For.

Alberto Martini1, Giorgio Gandaglia1, Alberto Briganti1

  • 1Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Using intermediate clinical endpoints and overall survival surrogates can shorten clinical trial durations and costs. This accelerates the introduction of novel treatments, potentially improving patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical pharmacology
  • Biostatistics
  • Drug development

Background:

  • Clinical trials are lengthy and expensive.
  • Novel treatments require timely evaluation and implementation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of intermediate clinical endpoints and overall survival surrogates.
  • To assess the potential for shortening clinical trial duration and costs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on surrogate endpoints.
  • Analysis of trial data comparing intermediate endpoints with overall survival.

Main Results:

  • Intermediate endpoints and surrogates can significantly reduce trial timelines.
  • Cost savings associated with shorter trial durations are substantial.

Conclusions:

  • Utilizing intermediate endpoints and surrogates can expedite the availability of new therapies.
  • This approach has the potential to positively impact patient prognosis by enabling earlier treatment adoption.