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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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The Pineal Gland01:02

The Pineal Gland

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The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
The primary secretion of the pineal gland is the hormone melatonin, derived from serotonin. The concentration of melatonin in the...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Pituitary incidentaloma.

Stefan Matei Constantinescu1, Dominique Maiter1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, 10, Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels 1200, Belgium.

Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983)
|October 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pituitary incidentalomas (PIs) are common, often benign tumors found incidentally. While most require surveillance, some grow, necessitating monitoring for endocrine or visual issues.

Keywords:
Incidental pituitary lesionPituitary adenomaPituitary incidentaloma

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Pituitary incidentalomas (PIs) are frequently discovered lesions in the pituitary region during imaging for unrelated conditions.
  • Advances in radiological imaging have increased PI detection rates globally.
  • Prevalence studies indicate PIs in approximately 10% of autopsied individuals, often as non-functioning microadenomas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of pituitary incidentalomas, including their types, growth patterns, and management.
  • To highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by PIs.
  • To discuss the indications for intervention and outcomes of treatment for PIs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of autopsy studies and modern patient series concerning pituitary incidentalomas.
  • Analysis of data on PI prevalence, types, growth rates, and clinical presentation.
  • Evaluation of current management strategies, including surveillance and surgical interventions.

Main Results:

  • Pituitary incidentalomas encompass a range of lesions, from cysts to invasive adenomas, with adenomas being common in patients seeking endocrinological care.
  • While many PIs are asymptomatic, a significant proportion of macroadenomas and some microadenomas can grow over time.
  • Common indications for surgery include visual disturbances and endocrine dysfunction, with surgery generally yielding better outcomes for PIs compared to symptomatic pituitary lesions.

Conclusions:

  • Most pituitary incidentalomas can be managed conservatively with surveillance.
  • Regular follow-up is crucial for macroadenomas, though optimal monitoring for microadenomas requires further clarification.
  • Surgical intervention for PIs is indicated for visual or endocrine abnormalities, offering favorable outcomes.