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Related Concept Videos

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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The Mammary Glands01:12

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The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Prokinetic agents are specialized medications that stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, promoting food movement through the GI tract. Dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a significant role in this process, reducing GI motility and indirectly controlling the speed of digestion. Dopamine receptor antagonists, such as metoclopramide and domperidone, offer a unique advantage as prokinetic agents. By blocking the dopamine receptors, these drugs increase GI motility, improving food...
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Prolactinomas.

Luiz Eduardo Wildemberg1, Christhiane Fialho2, Monica R Gadelha3

  • 1Endocrine Unit and Neuroendocrinology Research Center, Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Neuroendocrine Unit - Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983)
|October 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Hyperprolactinemia, often caused by prolactinomas, presents common clinical challenges. Dopamine agonists are effective treatments with a good safety profile, even during pregnancy.

Keywords:
CabergolineDopaminergic agonistsHyperprolactinemiaImpulse control disorderProlactinomas

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Hyperprolactinemia, elevated serum prolactin, is a frequent clinical finding.
  • Prolactinomas are the primary pathological cause, leading to hormone oversecretion and mass effect symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnosis, management, and treatment of hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas.
  • To highlight diagnostic challenges and therapeutic options.

Main Methods:

  • Review of prolactin measurement and sellar imaging in diagnosis.
  • Discussion of medical (dopamine agonists), surgical, and radiological treatment modalities.
  • Consideration of temozolomide for aggressive tumors and pregnancy outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Prolactinomas cause galactorrhea, hypogonadism, visual impairment, headaches, and intracranial hypertension.
  • Dopamine agonists offer high response rates and a favorable safety profile, with monitoring for cardiac valvulopathy and impulse control disorders.
  • Pregnancy outcomes are comparable to the general population, even with continued dopamine agonist therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia requires careful evaluation to avoid pitfalls.
  • Medical management with dopamine agonists is the primary treatment for most prolactinomas.
  • Alternative treatments and specific considerations for aggressive tumors and pregnancy are discussed.