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Equity Theory

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Equity theory explains how our sense of fairness influences the dynamics of close relationships. Rooted in social psychology, the theory posits that individuals evaluate fairness by comparing the ratio of their contributions to the rewards they receive. Relationship satisfaction is highest when these ratios are perceived as balanced between partners, promoting mutual reciprocity and a sense of justice.Equity vs. Equality in RelationshipsEquity is distinct from equality. Fairness does not...
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Impacts can be classified in various forms, primarily under two subgroups: central impact and oblique impact. A central impact occurs when two objects collide head-on, possessing opposite velocities aligned along the line of impact. Conversely, an oblique impact occurs when two objects collide at an angle, resulting in a modification of both direction and velocity.
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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Groups play a fundamental role in shaping individual behavior, as they establish norms that guide interactions and decision-making. Social psychology examines how individuals conform to group expectations, often adjusting their attitudes and actions to align with group norms. These norms can be formal, such as workplace policies, or informal, such as unspoken social expectations within a fraternity.Conformity and Social InfluenceConformity arises when individuals modify their behaviors or...
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Impact of Individuals on Individuals01:30

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Human behavior is intricately shaped by social influences that arise from interactions with others in diverse contexts. These influences not only mold beliefs and attitudes but also drive the regulation of behaviors through both direct communication and observational learning. The study of these processes falls within the domain of social psychology, which seeks to understand how individuals are affected by and affect those around them.Mechanisms of Social InfluenceDirect social influence...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 15, 2025

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Covid-19: Corporate diversification and post-crash returns.

Yerzhan Tokbolat1, Hang Le2

  • 1Queen's Management School, Belfast, BT9 5EE, UK.

Finance Research Letters
|October 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Corporate diversification negatively impacted stock returns during the Covid-19 crash. However, diversified firms with a premium showed better performance and faster recovery than those at a discount.

Keywords:
Covid-19corporate diversificationexcess valuestock market crashsurvival analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Finance
  • Economics
  • Business Strategy

Background:

  • The Covid-19 pandemic caused a significant market crash, impacting corporate performance.
  • Corporate diversification strategies are common, but their effectiveness during crises is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of corporate diversification on stock returns during and after the Covid-19 market crash.
  • To analyze how diversification premium or discount influences firm performance in crisis situations.

Main Methods:

  • Regression analysis to assess the relationship between diversification and stock returns.
  • Survival analysis to evaluate the speed of stock price recovery.

Main Results:

  • Diversified firms generally underperformed focused firms, exhibiting worse stock returns and slower recovery.
  • Firms trading at a diversification premium demonstrated superior returns and quicker recovery compared to those at a discount.

Conclusions:

  • Corporate diversification can be a liability during market downturns like the Covid-19 crash.
  • The market valuation of diversification (premium vs. discount) significantly moderates its impact on stock performance during crises.