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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

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The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...
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Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
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Magnetoelectricity in multiferroics: a theoretical perspective.

Shuai Dong1, Hongjun Xiang2,3, Elbio Dagotto4,5

  • 1School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.

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|October 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This review explores the fundamental physics behind magnetoelectricity, the coupling between magnetism and polarization in multiferroic materials. It covers established mechanisms and emerging trends in single-phase multiferroics and heterostructures.

Keywords:
magnetoelectricitymultiferroicsspin–charge couplingspin–lattice couplingspin–orbit coupling

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Multiferroic materials exhibit magnetoelectricity, a coupling between magnetic and electric properties.
  • The underlying physical mechanisms for this coupling are diverse and complex across different material systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically describe the fundamental physics driving magnetoelectricity.
  • To review established and novel mechanisms in multiferroic materials.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of magnetoelectric coupling.
  • Review of physical mechanisms in single-phase multiferroics.
  • Review of physical mechanisms in magnetoelectric heterostructures.

Main Results:

  • Magnetoelectricity arises from various fundamental physical interactions.
  • Both single-phase multiferroics and heterostructures display distinct magnetoelectric phenomena.
  • Emerging theories suggest new pathways for achieving magnetoelectric coupling.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the theoretical basis of magnetoelectricity is crucial for multiferroic material design.
  • A comprehensive overview of current and future magnetoelectric mechanisms is presented.
  • This review provides a theoretical foundation for exploring advanced multiferroic applications.