Metal Halide Semiconductors beyond Lead-Based Perovskites for Promising Optoelectronic Applications

In recent decades, metal halide semiconductors represented by lead-based halide perovskites have shown broad potential in optoelectronic applications. This family of semiconductors differs from traditional tetrahedral semiconductors in crystalline structure, chemical bonding, electronic-structure features, optoelectronic properties, as well as material fabrication method. At present, difficulties arising from both intrinsic material properties (including Pb toxicity and long-term stability) and technological aspects hinder their large-scale commercialization. In this Perspective, we focus on up-and-coming lead-free metal halide semiconductors toward high-performance optoelectronic applications. We start by outlining the advantages of metal halide semiconductors and their physical and chemical underpinnings. We then review composition and structure, electronic structure, optoelectronic properties, and device applications according to classification into three material categories, i.e., three-dimensional halide perovskites, low-dimensional perovskites and perovskite-like materials, and materials beyond perovskites. We conclude with an outlook on the challenges and opportunities of metal halide semiconductors and the future development of the field.