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Cleavage and Blastulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Placentation in the Human and Higher Primates.

Graham J Burton1, Eric Jauniaux2

  • 1Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. gjb2@cam.ac.uk.

Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology
|October 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human placentation is invasive, with early development in a low-oxygen environment. Maternal spiral artery remodeling by trophoblast cells is crucial for a successful pregnancy.

Keywords:
Cytotrophoblastic shellHistotrophHumanSecondary yolk sacSpiral arterial remodelingTrophoblast

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Human embryology

Background:

  • Human placentation is characterized by precocious and invasive implantation.
  • Early embryonic development occurs in a low-oxygen environment, crucial for protecting against free radicals and maintaining stem cell multipotency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the key stages and mechanisms of human placental development.
  • To highlight the role of the yolk sac and maternal vascular remodeling in early pregnancy.

Main Methods:

  • Morphological and transcriptomic analyses of early placental development.
  • In vivo measurements of the physiological environment during early development.

Main Results:

  • Human implantation is interstitial, with the conceptus embedding within the endometrium.
  • The yolk sac plays a role in nutrient uptake, and a choriovitelline placenta is not established.
  • Maternal arterial circulation and spiral artery remodeling are established by 10-12 weeks, facilitated by extravillous trophoblast cells and maternal immune interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Human placental development involves a unique invasive process and a specialized low-oxygen environment.
  • Successful pregnancy relies on the remodeling of maternal spiral arteries, orchestrated by trophoblast-immune cell interactions.