Recent Issues in Varicella-Zoster Virus Latency

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a human herpes virus which causes varicella (chicken pox) as a primary infection, and, following a variable period of latency in neurons in the peripheral ganglia, may reactivate to cause herpes zoster (shingles) as well as a variety of neurological syndromes. In this overview we consider some recent issues in alphaherpesvirus latency with special focus on VZV ganglionic latency. A key question is the nature and extent of viral gene transcription during viral latency. While it is known that this is highly restricted, it is only recently that the very high degree of that restriction has been clarified, with both VZV gene 63-encoded transcripts and discovery of a novel VZV transcript (VLT) that maps antisense to the viral transactivator gene 61. It has also emerged in recent years that there is significant epigenetic regulation of VZV gene transcription, and the mechanisms underlying this are complex and being unraveled. The last few years has also seen an increased interest in the immunological aspects of VZV latency and reactivation, in particular from the perspective of inborn errors of host immunity that predispose to different VZV reactivation syndromes.