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Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents

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Drugs that mimic the action of endogenous catecholamines like noradrenaline and adrenaline are called adrenergic agonists or sympathomimetics. Based on their mechanism of action, sympathomimetics can be classified as direct-, indirect-, or mixed-acting sympathomimetics. Direct-acting adrenergic agonists activate adrenoceptors without affecting presynaptic neurons, making them independent of neuronal catecholamine-depleting agents like reserpine and guanethidine.
These agents can be classified...
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Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:30

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Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
Allergies and...
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Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents01:28

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents

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Mixed-action adrenergic agonists, like ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, directly and indirectly affect adrenergic receptors. These agents stimulate adrenoceptors and indirectly release stored neurotransmitters, amplifying the adrenergic response.
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine lack a catecholamine group, making them less susceptible to degradation by metabolic enzymes. They have increased oral bioavailability and lipophilicity, resulting in a longer duration of action. Their response is reduced by...
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Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of ɑ-Receptor Blockers01:17

Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of ɑ-Receptor Blockers

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Adrenergic antagonists, or sympatholytics, inhibit adrenoceptor activation driven by catecholamines or agonists. Based on their adrenoceptor specificity, adrenergic blockers can be categorized into two primary groups: α-adrenergic blockers (α-blockers) and β-adrenergic blockers (β-blockers). α-blockers interact with α1 and α2 subtypes of α-adrenoceptors.
Nonselective α-blockers: Nonselective α-blockers contain haloalkylamine or imidazoline...
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Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents01:25

Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents

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Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists potentiate the effects of endogenous catecholamines through different mechanisms without directly binding to adrenoceptors.
One mechanism involves depleting stored catecholamines by displacing them from synaptic vesicles. These agents, known as "displacers," are transported into vesicles at the expense of noradrenaline. Examples include amphetamine and tyramine, which lack a catechol moiety, resulting in prolonged action, improved oral...
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Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of ɑ-Receptor Blockers01:22

Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of ɑ-Receptor Blockers

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α-Adrenergic antagonists, known as α-blockers, exert their effects by inhibiting α-adrenoceptors, leading to specific physiological actions. α1-blockers and α2-blockers have distinct pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications.
α1-blockers: These drugs inhibit α1-adrenoceptors on smooth muscle cells, resulting in vasodilation. This vasodilation lowers blood pressure, making α1-blockers valuable in treating hypertension. Additionally,...
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Cellular and Protein Engineering to Control Biological Functions and Develop Novel Therapies
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Adenosine: a partially discovered medicinal agent.

Rohit Batra1, Vinay Jain2, Pankaj Sharma3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, ShriRam College Pharmacy, Banmore, Morena, M.P 476444 India.

Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|October 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adenosine, a vital signaling molecule, shows promise for treating conditions like Huntington's disease and viral infections. Further research into adenosine and its related compounds could revolutionize therapeutic approaches.

Keywords:
AdenosineBone remodellingG protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)InflammationMyocardial perfusion imagingPathogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Adenosine is a fundamental molecule involved in cellular signaling and metabolism.
  • Its roles extend from cardiovascular physiology to inflammatory processes.
  • Emerging research highlights its potential beyond well-established functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of adenosine and its congeners.
  • To explore their therapeutic potential in various diseases.
  • To discuss their application in treating neurodegenerative and infectious diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of adenosine's physiological and pathological roles.
  • Analysis of adenosine's structure and signaling pathways (GPCRs).
  • Examination of microbial utilization of adenosine.

Main Results:

  • Adenosine acts via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to regulate diverse physiological responses.
  • Microorganisms like *Candida* and *Staphylococcus* exploit adenosine to evade immune detection.
  • Adenosine's involvement in processes like inflammation, immune response, and cellular signaling is confirmed.

Conclusions:

  • Adenosine and its congeners demonstrate significant therapeutic promise.
  • Potential applications include treating inflammation, viral infections, and psychiatric disorders.
  • Adenosine-based therapies may offer revolutionary treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases.