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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

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Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
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Obesity01:24

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
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Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Maria R Bonsignore1,2

  • 1Sleep Disordered Breathing and Chronic Respiratory Failure Clinic, PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. mariarosaria.bonsignore@unipa.it.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|October 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), common in obesity, worsens cardiometabolic risk through intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation. OSA treatment and new anti-diabetic drugs show promise for managing metabolic issues in obese patients.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular outcomesDyslipidemiaInsulin resistanceMicrobiomeNAFLDSympathetic activationType 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Metabolic Syndrome

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent condition, particularly in obese individuals.
  • Key pathophysiological mechanisms include chronic intermittent hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, and inflammation.
  • OSA exacerbates cardiometabolic risk by negatively impacting adipose tissue metabolism and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiological links between obesity and OSA.
  • To explore the effects of intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation on adipose tissue.
  • To discuss continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment outcomes for metabolic derangements and emerging anti-diabetic drug research for obese OSA patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological studies.
  • Analysis of research on intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation's impact on adipose tissue.
  • Evaluation of studies on CPAP therapy and metabolic outcomes.
  • Review of current research on anti-diabetic medications relevant to obese OSA patients.

Main Results:

  • Obesity and OSA share strong epidemiological connections.
  • Intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation induce adipose tissue dysfunction.
  • CPAP treatment can improve metabolic derangements associated with OSA.
  • Novel anti-diabetic agents may offer therapeutic benefits for this patient group.

Conclusions:

  • OSA significantly contributes to cardiometabolic risk in obese individuals.
  • Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms is crucial for effective management.
  • Integrated treatment approaches, including CPAP and potentially new pharmacological agents, are essential for managing obese OSA patients.