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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose MED Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response
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Adverse Reactions to Sunscreens.

Laine Ludriksone1, Peter Elsner1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.

Current Problems in Dermatology
|October 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Adverse reactions to sunscreens are rare, with most skin issues linked to organic UV filters due to their ability to penetrate the skin. Inorganic UV filters like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide show minimal adverse effects.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Cosmetic Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Adverse reactions to sunscreens are uncommon despite widespread use.
  • Reactions can stem from both active and inactive sunscreen ingredients.
  • Key adverse reaction patterns include allergic/irritant contact dermatitis, phototoxic/photoallergic reactions, and contact urticaria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the adverse reactions associated with sunscreen ingredients.
  • To differentiate between reactions to organic and inorganic UV filters.
  • To provide an overview of UV filters approved in the European Union.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of reported adverse reactions to sunscreen ingredients.
  • Categorization of adverse reactions based on pathogenetic mechanisms.

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  • Summary of adverse effects related to specific UV filter types (organic vs. inorganic).

    • Main Results:

    • Most reported adverse effects are linked to organic UV filters, attributed to their lipophilic nature and small molecular size facilitating skin penetration.
    • Inorganic UV filters (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide) have minimal skin-irritating properties and sensitization potential.
    • Adverse reactions to inorganic filters are rare and typically reported in case studies.

    Conclusions:

    • Organic UV filters are the primary cause of sunscreen-related adverse reactions.
    • Inorganic UV filters are generally well-tolerated with a low risk of adverse effects.
    • Understanding ingredient-specific reactions is crucial for sunscreen formulation and patient counseling.