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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance
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Trunk Angle Modulates Feedforward and Feedback Control during Single-Limb Squatting.

Kristin A Johnson1, Shojiro Nozu2, Richard K Shields1

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
|October 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trunk position affects muscle responses to unexpected disturbances during single-limb squats. Flexed trunk posture increases quadriceps and gluteus medius reflexes, influencing anterior cruciate ligament injury risk.

Keywords:
central setkneemotor controlperturbationreflexsoleus

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Motor Control
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries often occur during dynamic movements with unexpected perturbations.
  • Trunk positioning is a critical factor in injury risk, but its influence on motor control during perturbations is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how trunk position impacts feedforward and feedback motor control responses to unexpected perturbations during a dynamic squatting task.
  • To determine if feedforward motor control predicts feedback responses.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a novel single-limb squatting task under different trunk positions (e.g., flexed).
  • Unexpected perturbations were introduced, and muscle responses (reflexes, co-contraction) were measured.
  • The predictive relationship between feedforward and feedback muscle activity was analyzed.

Main Results:

  • A flexed trunk position significantly increased quadriceps and gluteus medius long-latency reflexes and quadriceps-to-hamstrings co-contraction.
  • Soleus long-latency reflexes showed a substantial increase from feedforward activity, irrespective of trunk position.
  • Feedforward muscle activity was a significant predictor of long-latency reflex responses, with varying predictive power across muscles.

Conclusions:

  • Trunk positioning demonstrably influences motor control strategies in response to perturbations.
  • Feedback motor control responses may operate independently of the feedforward control strategy.
  • Findings highlight the importance of trunk stability in mitigating injury risk during dynamic activities.