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Related Concept Videos

Primary Lymphoid Organs01:16

Primary Lymphoid Organs

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Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs01:15

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...
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Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

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Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System01:28

Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System

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The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in bolstering our immune system. It consists of a network of lymphoid organs, lymph, and lymphatic vessels that provide structural and functional support in safeguarding the body against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria.
The primary lymphoid organs, including the bone marrow and the thymus, serve as the maturation sites for lymphocytes. Secondary lymphoid organs, like the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, activate these lymphocytes and serve as...
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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
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Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma
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Tumor Engraftment in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma

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Primary central nervous system lymphoma.

Lauren R Schaff1,2, Christian Grommes1,2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and.

Blood
|October 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare brain cancer. High-dose methotrexate is standard, but new targeted therapies show promise for relapsed disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Hematology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare extranodal lymphoma affecting the brain and spinal cord.
  • Diagnosis requires high suspicion due to varied presentations; timely treatment is crucial for recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and staging of PCNSL.
  • To provide an overview of current and emerging treatment strategies for immunocompetent patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PCNSL pathophysiology and treatment advancements.
  • Discussion of established therapies like high-dose methotrexate (MTX).
  • Exploration of novel agents for relapsed/refractory disease.

Main Results:

  • High-dose MTX is the backbone of first-line treatment, often followed by consolidation (radiation, transplant).
  • Despite treatment, relapse is common, with 5-year survival rates of 30-40%.
  • Targeted therapies like ibrutinib and immunomodulatory drugs show promise for recurrent PCNSL.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding PCNSL pathogenesis has led to new therapeutic targets.
  • Novel agents offer hope for improving outcomes in relapsed/refractory PCNSL.
  • Continued research is vital for optimizing PCNSL management.