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Related Concept Videos

Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Lipids: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:18

Lipids: Dietary Sources and Requirements

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Lipids are an essential component of a balanced human diet. Triglycerides, which make up the majority of dietary lipids, are found in both saturated fats—commonly present in meat, dairy products, and certain tropical plants like coconut, and hydrogenated oils such as margarine and baking shortenings (trans fats)—and unsaturated fats, which are abundant in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils. The main sources of cholesterol include egg yolks, various meats and organ...
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Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body01:31

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

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Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and glycolipids, also play unique roles to support various  biological processes .
Fat-soluble Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K, are required in minimal quantities, but their deficiencies can lead to severely abnormal physiological conditions. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, dry skin,...
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Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

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The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin...
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Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis01:24

Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis

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The cardiovascular system regulates the number of erythrocytes in the bloodstream to ensure optimal oxygen transport. It also prevents over-proliferation of these cells, which helps to maintain blood viscosity and flow rate.
Several factors influence the erythrocyte production rate, with tissue oxygen level being among the most critical. Intense exercise or high altitudes can cause tissue hypoxia, which triggers the kidneys to release more erythropoietin (EPO) into the bloodstream.
EPO then...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Postprandial vitamin E plasma enrichment and second meal effect in women with and without metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.

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A Rapid and Specific Microplate Assay for the Determination of Intra- and Extracellular Ascorbate in Cultured Cells
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Vitamin E: How much is enough, too much and why!

Maret G Traber1, Brian Head2

  • 1Linus Pauling Institute, USA; School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, USA.

Free Radical Biology & Medicine
|October 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Vitamin E, or alpha-tocopherol (α-T), is an essential nutrient. This review covers its structure, function, biological factors, and deficiency symptoms, exploring biomarkers and dietary needs.

Keywords:
Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED)Lipid peroxidationRecommended dietary allowanceVitamin E pharmacokineticsVitamin E safetyα-Tocopherolα-Tocopherol transfer protein

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Biochemistry
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Alpha-tocopherol (α-T) is an essential dietary nutrient, recognized as a form of vitamin E.
  • Understanding its biological roles and requirements is crucial for human health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of vitamin E (α-T) in humans.
  • To discuss biological determinants, deficiency symptoms, and potential new biomarkers.
  • To evaluate dietary requirements, pharmacokinetic data, and the role of α-T supplements.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of existing literature.
  • Analysis of mechanisms for α-T tissue enrichment.
  • Discussion of pharmacokinetic data and biomarker research.

Main Results:

  • Identified the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (TTPA) and preferential metabolism as key to α-T tissue enrichment.
  • Explored potential new biomarkers and pharmacokinetic data for α-T.
  • Considered current approaches to setting dietary requirements for vitamin E.

Conclusions:

  • Vitamin E (α-T) has critical functions, and its tissue levels are regulated by specific mechanisms.
  • Further research into biomarkers and dietary requirements is needed.
  • The role of α-T supplements in chronic disease prevention and safety requires ongoing evaluation.