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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay
Published on: February 9, 2021
Functionalized Dioxonaphthoimidazoliums: A Redox Cycling Chemotype with Potent Bactericidal Activities against
Kevin T Fridianto, Ming Li, Kiel Hards1
1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
Abstract:
Disruption of redox homeostasis in mycobacteria causes irreversible stress induction and cell death. Here, we report the dioxonaphthoimidazolium scaffold as a novel redox cycling antituberculosis chemotype with potent bactericidal activity against growing and nutrient-starved phenotypically drug-resistant nongrowing bacteria. Maximal potency was dependent on the activation of the redox cycling quinone by the positively charged scaffold and accessibility to the mycobacterial cell membrane as directed by the lipophilicity and conformational characteristics of the N-substituted side chains. Evidence from microbiological, biochemical, and genetic investigations implicates a redox-driven mode of action that is reliant on the reduction of the quinone by type II NADH dehydrogenase (NDH2) for the generation of bactericidal levels of the reactive oxygen species (ROS). The bactericidal profile of a potent water-soluble analogue 32 revealed good activity against nutrient-starved organisms in the Loebel model of dormancy, low spontaneous resistance mutation frequency, and synergy with isoniazid in the checkerboard assay.
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